Annotation. Introduction. Invasive (alien) species pose one of the most serious threats to biodiversity, ecosystems, the economy, and human health. Despite the severity of the problem, until recently, Russia lacked a specific law on alien species, creating gaps in legal regulation. Currently, legislation primarily covers plants, while legal relations involving invasive animals and other organisms are only indirectly regulated. Methods. The study, the results of which are presented in the article, was based on general scientific and specialized methods of legal analysis. Formal legal and comparative legal methods, as well as a systems approach, were used. Examples of law enforcement in Russia and several foreign countries were examined. Results. It is concluded that Russian legislation on combating invasive species is in the developmental stage. The adoption of Federal Law № 294-FZ of July 31, 2025, marked an important step toward creating a unified legal framework for combating hazardous alien plants. However, regulation in this area remains fragmented, failing to cover animals and microorganisms. A comparative legal study revealed significant discrepancies between Russian and international approaches: while the European Union employs a centralized system of «blacklists», and the United States and China are developing comprehensive biosecurity measures, the Russian legal model is currently limited to a brief list of land user responsibilities. Russia's international obligations, including compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Ballast Water Convention, require a transition to a more integrated «prevention – detection – control» policy. The study's findings confirm the need for further development of Russian environmental legislation and interagency coordination to implement these obligations and ensure the country's environmental safety.
Invasive species, biological invasion, environmental protection, ballast water, alien organism, environmental safety, environmental law, environmental legislation, comparative legal analysis
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